Mutemo weInflation Reduction Act (IRA), wakasainwa kuva mutemo naPresident Joe Biden musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu, une mari inodarika mabhiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemapfumbamwe emadhora ($369 bhiriyoni) muzvirongwa zvekurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze mumakore gumi anotevera. Chikamu chikuru chehurongwa hwemamiriro ekunze imari inodzoserwa mutero wehurumende inosvika madhora zviuru zvinomwe nemazana mashanu ($7,500) pakutenga mota dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagetsi, kusanganisira dzakamboshandiswa dzakagadzirwa kuNorth America.
Musiyano mukuru kubva kune zvakamboitwa kare zvemagetsi emagetsi ndewekuti kuti vakwanise kuwana mutero, maEV emangwana haafanire kungogadzirwa muNorth America chete, asiwo anofanira kugadzirwa kubva mumabhatiri anogadzirwa munyika kana munyika dzekutengeserana dzakasununguka. Mutemo mutsva uyu wakagadzirirwa kukurudzira vagadziri vemotokari dzemagetsi kuti vatamise cheni dzavo dzemagetsi kubva kunyika dziri kusimukira kuenda kuUS, asi vanhu vari mukati meindasitiri iyi vari kushamisika kana shanduko iyi ichaitika mumakore mashoma anotevera, sekutarisira kwehurumende, kana kuti kwete zvachose.
IRA inoisa zvirambidzo pazvinhu zviviri zvine chekuita nemabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi: zvikamu zvawo, zvakaita semabhatiri nezvinhu zvinoshanda zvemagetsi, uye zvicherwa zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvikamu izvozvo.
Kutanga gore rinouya, maEV anokodzera achada kuti hafu yezvinhu zvemabhatiri azvo zvigadzirwe kuNorth America, ne40% yezvinhu zvemabhatiri zvichibva kuUS kana kune vanotengeserana navo. Panosvika 2028, chikamu chidiki chinodiwa chichawedzera gore negore kusvika 80% yezvinhu zvemabhatiri uye 100% yezvinhu zvemabhatiri.
Vamwe vagadziri vemotokari, kusanganisira Tesla neGeneral Motors, vatanga kugadzira mabhatiri avo mumafekitori ari muUS neCanada. Semuenzaniso, Tesla iri kugadzira mhando itsva yemabhatiri pafekitori yayo yeNevada iyo inofanirwa kunge iine bhatiri refu kupfuura iro riri kutengwa kubva kuJapan parizvino. Kubatanidzwa uku kwakamira kunogona kubatsira vagadziri vemotokari dzemagetsi kuti vapfuure bvunzo dzebhatiri dzeIRA. Asi dambudziko chairo nderekuti kambani inowana kupi zvinhu zvemabhatiri.
Mabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi anowanzogadzirwa ne nickel, cobalt uye manganese (zvinhu zvitatu zvikuru zve cathode), graphite (anode), lithium nemhangura. Inozivikanwa se "matanhatu makuru" eindasitiri yemabhatiri, kuchera nekugadzirisa zvicherwa izvi kunonyanya kudzorwa neChina, iyo hurumende yaBiden yakatsanangura se "chinhu chekune dzimwe nyika chinonetsa." Chero mota yemagetsi inogadzirwa mushure megore ra2025 ine zvinhu zvinobva kuChina haizobviswi muchikwereti chemutero chehurumende, sekureva kweIRA. Mutemo uyu unoratidza zvicherwa zvemabhatiri zvinopfuura makumi matatu zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvehuwandu hwekugadzirwa.
Makambani ehurumende yeChina ane chikamu chinosvika 80 muzana chemabasa ekugadzira cobalt pasi rose uye anopfuura 90 muzana enzvimbo dzinocheneswa nickel, manganese negraphite. "Kana ukatenga mabhatiri kubva kumakambani ari muJapan neSouth Korea, sezvinoita vagadziri vemotokari vazhinji, pane mukana mukuru wekuti mabhatiri ako ane zvinhu zvinoshandiswazve kuChina," akadaro Trent Mell, mukuru weElectra Battery Materials, kambani yekuCanada inotengesa zvinhu zvepasi rose zvecobalt yakagadziriswa.
"Vagadziri vemotokari vangangoda kuti mota dzemagetsi dzakawanda dzikwanise kubhadhara mutero. Asi vachawana kupi vatengesi vemabhatiri vane hunyanzvi? Pari zvino, vagadziri vemotokari havana sarudzo," akadaro Lewis Black, CEO weAlmonty Industries. Kambani iyi ndeimwe yevatengesi vakati wandei kunze kweChina vetungsten, imwe mineral inoshandiswa muma anode nema cathodes emamwe mabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi kunze kweChina, kambani yakadaro. (China inodzora pamusoro pe80% yehupi hwetungsten pasi rose). Migodhi yeAlmonty nemaitiro ayo muSpain, Portugal neSouth Korea.
Kutonga kweChina muzvinhu zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mabhatiri kwakakonzerwa nemakumi emakore ehurongwa hwehurumende hwakasimba uye mari - kusava nechokwadi kwevatema kunogona kudzokororwa zviri nyore munyika dzekuMadokero.
"Mumakore makumi matatu apfuura, China yakagadzira nzira yekutakura zvinhu zvemabhatiri inoshanda zvakanaka," akadaro Black. "Munyika dzekumadokero, kuvhura nzvimbo itsva yekuchera kana yekutsvaira mafuta kunogona kutora makore masere kana kupfuura."
Mell weElectra Battery Materials akati kambani yake, yaimbozivikanwa seCobalt First, ndiyo yega inogadzira cobalt muNorth America yemabhatiri emagetsi emotokari. Kambani iyi inogamuchira cobalt isina kucheneswa kubva kumugodhi weIdaho uye iri kuvaka nzvimbo yekucheneserwa muOntario, Canada, iyo inotarisirwa kutanga kushanda kutanga kwa2023. Electra iri kuvaka nzvimbo yechipiri yekucheneserwa nickel mudunhu reCanada reQuebec.
"North America haina simba rekushandisa mabhatiri zvakare. Asi ndinotenda kuti bhiri iri richakurudzira kurongwa kwekudyara mari mumabhatiri," akadaro Meyer.
Tinonzwisisa kuti munoda kudzora ruzivo rwenyu rwepaindaneti. Asi mari inowanikwa pakushambadzira inobatsira kutsigira nhau dzedu. Kuti muverenge nyaya yedu yakazara, ndapota dzimai ad blocker yenyu. Rubatsiro rwese rwunozokosheswa zvikuru.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-31-2022
